In which syndrome is an increased risk of leukemia noted?

Down Syndrome is associated with an increased risk of leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The reason for this elevated risk is thought to be related to the genetic and biological factors influenced by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, which affects various pathways of cell growth and differentiation.

Children with Down Syndrome have a higher incidence of hematological disorders, which includes a significantly increased susceptibility to leukemia compared to the general population. This has been documented in numerous studies, establishing Down Syndrome as a notable condition where enhanced vigilance for blood disorders, including leukemia, is warranted.

In contrast, while Turner Syndrome, Edward's Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome may involve other health complications, they do not have a similarly well-established link to increased leukemia risk. For instance, Turner Syndrome is primarily associated with cardiovascular and endocrine issues, and Klinefelter Syndrome has other health risks, but leukemia is notably not one of them. Edward's Syndrome, which involves many severe developmental issues, also does not demonstrate a recognized association with leukemia. Thus, Down Syndrome is the condition where the association with leukemia is most clearly defined.