Maternal diabetes increases the risk for various defects; which of the following is NOT associated with maternal diabetes?

The association between maternal diabetes and fetal defects is well-documented in medical literature. Maternal diabetes, particularly poorly controlled diabetes, can lead to various congenital anomalies due to factors such as teratogenic effects of high glucose levels and the metabolic state of the mother.

Regarding the defects listed, transposition of the great arteries, caudal regression syndrome, and the VACTERL association are known to be associated with maternal diabetes. For example, transposition of the great arteries is among the more common cardiac defects linked to this condition. Caudal regression syndrome involves abnormalities of the lower spine and is also a recognized risk associated with maternal diabetes. The VACTERL association, which includes anomalies such as vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, and limb defects, has been identified as having a correlation with maternal diabetes.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, on the other hand, is not typically associated with maternal diabetes. While it can be present in individuals for a variety of genetic and non-genetic reasons, including as a familial heart disease or due to other conditions such as hypertension, it does not have a direct association with maternal diabetes in the context of congenital anomalies observed during pregnancy. This distinction helps clarify why hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is