What is a known exposure risk linked to Ebstein anomaly?

Ebstein anomaly is a congenital heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve and the right side of the heart. Among the known exposure risks associated with Ebstein anomaly, lithium stands out due to its use in treating bipolar disorder and depression. Research has shown that lithium exposure during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects, including Ebstein anomaly.

The mechanism by which lithium contributes to this risk is not entirely understood, but it may involve alterations in fetal development and cardiac morphogenesis. Pregnant individuals who are prescribed lithium should be carefully monitored by their healthcare providers due to these potential risks.

Other substances, while they may be linked to different congenital conditions or risks, are not specifically associated with Ebstein anomaly. Alcohol can lead to various fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, but it is not directly tied to Ebstein anomaly. Thalidomide is primarily associated with limb deformities and other specific malformations and is not linked to heart defects like Ebstein. Valproate is known to increase the risk of neural tube defects and other anomalies, but again, it is not specifically correlated with Ebstein anomaly. Hence, while the other substances have their own associated risks, lithium is uniquely recognized for its connection with this particular heart defect.