Which condition is most likely to lead to hypercalcemia and kidney stones due to hormone overproduction?

The condition most likely to lead to hypercalcemia and kidney stones due to hormone overproduction is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). This genetic syndrome is characterized by the presence of tumors in multiple endocrine glands, particularly the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cells, and the pituitary gland.

In MEN1, hyperparathyroidism is common, which results from increased production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevated PTH levels lead to increased calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia) and subsequently can cause the formation of kidney stones due to the excess calcium being filtered by the kidneys. Patients with MEN1 may present with symptoms related to hypercalcemia, such as frequent urination, gastrointestinal disturbances, and the presence of kidney stones.

The other conditions listed do not typically result in the same pathophysiological changes related to calcium metabolism and kidney stone formation. For example, MEN2B primarily involves medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, and mucosal neuromas, but it is not primarily associated with hyperparathyroidism. DICER1 is linked to tumors such as pleuropulmonary blastoma and is not known for hypercalcemia. Xer