Which ethical principle emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing harm in research involving human participants?

The correct answer, which emphasizes maximizing benefits and minimizing harm in research involving human participants, is the principle of beneficence. This ethical principle is central to conducting research responsibly, ensuring that the research not only aims to generate valuable knowledge but also safeguards the well-being of participants. Beneficence requires that researchers take measures to protect participants from harm while also striving to enhance the potential benefits that may arise from the research.

In the context of human research, beneficence entails a careful evaluation of risks versus benefits, urging researchers to adopt strategies that mitigate potential harms. This principle is foundational to gaining informed consent and fostering trust between researchers and participants, as it underscores the moral duty to prioritize participants' safety and welfare throughout the research process.

Other ethical principles play critical roles as well. Respect for persons involves acknowledging and honoring the autonomy of participants and their right to make informed decisions about their participation. Justice concerns the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of research, ensuring that no group is unfairly targeted or exploited. Transparency refers to how researchers communicate their methods and findings but does not directly address the specific balance of benefits and harms in the context of participant welfare, which is the primary focus of beneficence.