Which trisomy is associated with both atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

The association of congenital heart defects, such as atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD), with various types of trisomy is well-documented in medical literature. Each of the trisomies mentioned has been linked to the presence of these cardiac anomalies.

Trisomy 21, commonly known as Down syndrome, is well-known for its association with congenital heart defects, particularly ASD and VSD. These defects occur due to improper development of the heart during the early stages of embryogenesis, which is a risk factor associated with this condition.

Similarly, Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) and Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) are associated with a range of congenital malformations, including heart defects. Children with Trisomy 18 often present with VSD, and some also have ASD. Trisomy 13 can also have various cardiac abnormalities, including both ASD and VSD.

The selection stating "All of the above" recognizes that all three trisomies—18, 21, and 13—can present with these specific heart defects, thereby affirming the presence of ASD and VSD as common complications associated with congenital heart disease across all these conditions. This broad